{"id":18579,"date":"2016-03-28T04:56:36","date_gmt":"2016-03-28T01:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/?p=18579"},"modified":"2016-03-28T14:57:33","modified_gmt":"2016-03-28T11:57:33","slug":"placebo-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/2016\/03\/28\/placebo-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u03a4\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf <\/strong><strong>placebo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0393\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf <strong>\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>\u00a0\u00ab\u0391\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 placebo, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf placebo \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18580\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18580\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1.-dnews-1971-does-the-placebo-effect-work-on-you-marge.thumb_.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18579]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18580\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/1.-dnews-1971-does-the-placebo-effect-work-on-you-marge.thumb_.jpg\" alt=\"Source\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18580\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/testtube.com\/dnews\/does-the-placebo-effect-work-on-you\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0397 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 placebo \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9\u00bb <em>(\u201c<\/em><em>I<\/em> <em>shall<\/em> <em>please<\/em><em>\u201d)<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1811 \u03c4\u03bf <em>Quincy<\/em><em>\u2019<\/em><em>s<\/em> <em>Lexicon<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>Medicum<\/em> \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf placebo \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab[\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf] \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u00bb. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9. \u0395\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae. \u03a4\u03bf placebo, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039f\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac, \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b6\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u00bb <em>(<\/em><em>sugar<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>pill<\/em><em>), <\/em>\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b6\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c0\u03b9\u02d9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 &#8220;\u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7&#8221; \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7). \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 placebo \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u00bb <em>(<\/em><em>Steven<\/em> <em>Novella<\/em><em>)<\/em>. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af<\/strong> \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9. \u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\/\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u2013\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae 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\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 placebo \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf. \u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd placebo, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae, \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 (\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\/\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2) <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong> \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03c9\u03c2,\u00a0 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u00bb \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 <em>(<\/em><em>Goldacre<\/em><em> \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 67).<\/em> \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 placebo \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 2,5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 0,1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 <em>(<\/em><em>Goldacre<\/em><em> \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb.70)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd placebo. \u0397 \u00ab<strong>\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong>\u00bb (confirmation bias) \u2013\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2- \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb <em>(<\/em><em>Steven<\/em> <em>Novella<\/em><em>),<\/em> \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd. \u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab<strong>self<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>limiting<\/strong>\u00bb, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae. \u039f\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5, \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf, \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf (\u03ae \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03be\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd). \u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u0391 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u0392, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u0391 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u0392 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u0392 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u0391 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u00ab<strong>\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf<\/strong>\u00bb (\u201cregression to the mean\u201d). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae, \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5 placebo \u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf). \u039f \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03b6\u03c9\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u00ab\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0397 \u00ab<strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae<\/strong>\u00bb (\u201cobserver effect\u201d) \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u03b2\u03bb. <em>Hawthorne<\/em> <em>effect<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u00ab<strong>\u03bc\u03b7-\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7<\/strong>\u00bb (\u201cnon-specific or incidental benefits\u201d). \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1). \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf placebo, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u00ab\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf placebo \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u00bb <em>(\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf <\/em><em>placebo<\/em><em> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1; \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 <strong>nocebo<\/strong><em> (\u00ab\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c8\u03c9\u00bb \/ \u201c<\/em><em>I<\/em> <em>shall<\/em> <em>harm<\/em><em>\u201d)<\/em>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039a\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18582\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18582\" style=\"width: 664px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/2.-shutterstock_99892916.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[18579]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-18582\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/2.-shutterstock_99892916.jpg\" alt=\"Source\" width=\"664\" height=\"443\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18582\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/thebestyoumagazine.co\/the-placebo-effect\/\" target=\"_blank\">Source<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039f\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc placebo; \u039d\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 placebo \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9). \u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03bc\u03c5\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 placebo\u00bb <em>(<\/em><em>Goldacre<\/em><em> \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb.75)<\/em>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 placebo \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u00ab\u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u2018\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2\u2019 \u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo\u00bb <em>(<\/em><em>Novella<\/em><em>)<\/em>. \u0386\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7-\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03b1 placebo \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03ad\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u00bb \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo. \u0386\u03c1\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u00bb \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u00ab\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u03a5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00bb \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u00bb)\u02d9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u00ab\u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd placebo, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03bf confirmation bias \u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2). \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 placebo \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 Maria Konnikova \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ae, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/why-you-cant-be-too-smart-for-a-con-artist-2016-3\">\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 (\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf) \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd placebo. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd) \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00ab\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u00bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03be\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039f\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 placebo \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1; \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u02d9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 <em>(\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <\/em><em>google<\/em><em> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u00ab<\/em><em>death<\/em> <em>by<\/em> <em>homeopathy<\/em><em>\u00bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1)<\/em>. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf Novella, \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 placebo \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd <strong>Steven<\/strong> <strong>Novella<\/strong> <em>Medical<\/em> <em>Myths<\/em><em>, <\/em><em>Lies<\/em><em>, <\/em><em>and<\/em> <em>Half<\/em><em>&#8211;<\/em><em>Truths<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thegreatcourses.com\/courses\/medical-myths-lies-and-half-truths-what-we-think-we-know-may-be-hurting-us.html\">The Great Courses<\/a>). \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencebasedmedicine.org\/author\/steven-novella\/\">\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce<\/a> \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 placebo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Bad-Science-Ben-Goldacre\/dp\/000728487X\/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1459028571&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=bad+science+goldacre\">Bad Science<\/a><\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>Ben<\/strong> <strong>Goldacre<\/strong> \u2013 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u201cThe Placebo Effect\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>Richard<\/strong> <strong>Dawkins<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 placebo \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s1BhIc45sqU\">\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf <em>confirmation<\/em> <em>bias<\/em> \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc blog <strong>You<\/strong> <strong>Are<\/strong> <strong>Not<\/strong> <strong>So<\/strong> <strong>Smart<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/youarenotsosmart.com\/2010\/06\/23\/confirmation-bias\/\">\u03b5\u03b4\u03ce<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" 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\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1).&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eranistis\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/facebook-button-plugin\/images\/large-facebook-ico.png\" alt=\"Fb-Button\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like fcbkbttn_large_button\"><fb:like href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/2016\/03\/28\/placebo-effect\/\" action=\"like\" colorscheme=\"light\" layout=\"button\"  size=\"large\"><\/fb:like><\/div><div class=\"fb-share-button fcbkbttn_large_button \" data-href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/2016\/03\/28\/placebo-effect\/\" data-type=\"button_count\" data-size=\"large\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":18580,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[53],"tags":[921,922,335,360,125],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u03a4\u03b9 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf placebo - \u0395\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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