{"id":15045,"date":"2015-06-22T01:12:07","date_gmt":"2015-06-21T22:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/?p=15045"},"modified":"2020-12-14T23:51:40","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T20:51:40","slug":"%ce%b7-%ce%b3%ce%b5%cf%89%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%82-%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%83%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bb%ce%bc%ce%ac%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%82-%cf%83%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/2015\/06\/22\/%ce%b7-%ce%b3%ce%b5%cf%89%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%82-%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%83%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bb%ce%bc%ce%ac%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%82-%cf%83%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%bd\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0397 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0397 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<strong> \u0392\u03b1\u0390\u03b1 \u03a4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7)<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 1: \u0397 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u039f \u039c\u03c9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 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\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u00ab\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb. \u0397 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 641 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03af\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b2\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7\u03c4\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 732 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15046\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15046\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ibn.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15046\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ibn-570x350.jpg\" alt=\"\u039f Ibn- Batuta \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd\" width=\"570\" height=\"350\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15046\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u039f Ibn- Batuta \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03bf 762 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03b2\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6\u03b7 \u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb- \u03a1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bd\u03c4 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c6 \u0391\u03bb \u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u0391\u03bb \u039c\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c5\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15047\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15047\" style=\"width: 569px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/Ibn-Hawqals-world-map.png\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-15047\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/Ibn-Hawqals-world-map.png\" alt=\"Ibn Hawqal's world map\" width=\"569\" height=\"392\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15047\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ibn Hawqal&#8217;s world map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 800-1400 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0386\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u039f ibn- Haukal \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 20 \u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u039f Al- Balkhi \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ac\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf Kitab al- Ashkal.<\/li>\n<li>\u039f Al- Masudi \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039c\u03bf\u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li>\u039f Al-Maqdisi \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 14 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc.<\/li>\n<li>\u039f Al Biruni \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Kitab al \u2013Hind \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u0390\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03b7 \u03bd\u03cd\u03c7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c0\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li>\n<li>\u039f ibn-Sina \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0391\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u00a0 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u00a0 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.\n<figure id=\"attachment_15048\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15048\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/skandi.gif\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15048\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/skandi-570x371.gif\" alt=\"\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\" width=\"570\" height=\"371\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u039f <\/strong><strong>Erdisi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bf Erdisi \u00a0\u03ae Al- Idrisi, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03cc\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u0399. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf 1154\u00a0 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u00abN\u03ad\u03b1 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u00ab\u03a8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb (Amusement for him who desires to travel around the world). \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae 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style=\"width: 389px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/symatra.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-15049\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/symatra.jpg\" alt=\"i-Ching \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\" width=\"389\" height=\"347\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15049\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">i-Ching \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u039f <\/strong><strong>Ibn- Batuta<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u00a0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 &#8230;. \u0395\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, Ibn Battuta \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb (Nehru 1989: 752).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15050\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15050\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/india.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-15050\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/india.jpg\" alt=\"\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\" width=\"570\" height=\"492\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15050\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u039f <\/strong><strong>Ibn- Khaldun<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u201cMuqaddimah\u201d,\u00a0 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 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\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u039a\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf 2: \u0397 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a1\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 9<sup>\u03bf<\/sup> \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf Othar \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Helgoland \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03ae \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0397\u00a0 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u0392\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 874 \u03bf\u03b9 \u0392\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03c3\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03c3\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf \u0395\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u0395\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 982 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u0391\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u2013\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2-\u00a0 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0393\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1000 \u03bc.\u03c7. \u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u00a0 \u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 3 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf Karlsefni \u00a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Saint Lawrence. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 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\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0393\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u038c\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00a0\u00ab\u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0388\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03cc\u03bd \u00ab\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 1000 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u2026\u00bb (Reeves A., Anderson R., Beamish N.L 2008: 3)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15051\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15051\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/kinezoi.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15045]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-15051\" src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/kinezoi.jpg\" alt=\"\u039f\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\" width=\"576\" height=\"270\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15051\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u039f\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 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\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2 \u03b1\u03b9. \u03c0.\u03c7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 15 \u03b1\u03b9. \u03bc.\u03c7. \u03bf\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. 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\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5, \u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7 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\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf Mencius \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Shen Kua \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Needham \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Ling \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7,\u00a0 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 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\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Boyce Ronald, Reed, \u201dBook review\u201d, <em>The Professional Geographer<\/em>, Volume 58, Issue 1, 2006, pages 119-120<\/li>\n<li>Geoffrey J. Martin, Preston E. James, All possible worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas, 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1993 s. 49-61<\/li>\n<li>Kimble, G.H.T., Geography in the Middle Ages, London: Methuen, 1938<\/li>\n<li>Needham J., Ling W., Science and Civilization in China, Vol 3, <em>Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth<\/em>, University press, Cambridge, 1959.<\/li>\n<li>Nehru Jawaharlal, <em>Glimpses of World History<\/em>, Oxford University Press., 1989, \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb.\u00a0752.<\/li>\n<li>Reeves A., Anderson R., Beamish N.L., The Norse Discovery of America, Bibliobazaar 2008, p.3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/bio\/Matt-Rosenberg-268.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rosenberg<\/a> Matt, Islamic Geography in the Middle Ages, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf About Education,http:\/\/geography.about.com\/od\/historyofgeography\/a\/islamicgeo.htm<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Watson, A.D. (August, 1923).<a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1923JRASC..17..257W\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8220;The Norse Discovery of America.&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0<em>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada<\/em>, Vol. 17, p.260 Retrieved on: 2012-01-06.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>&#8220;Eric the Red.&#8221; Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Retrieved November 08, 2012 \u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03bfcom:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/doc\/1G2-3404702026.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/doc\/1G2-3404702026.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Oxford University press, All possible worlds, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf https:\/\/global.oup.com\/ushe\/product\/all-possible-worlds-9780195168709?cc=gr&amp;lang=en&amp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eranistis\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/facebook-button-plugin\/images\/large-facebook-ico.png\" alt=\"Fb-Button\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"fcbkbttn_like fcbkbttn_large_button\"><fb:like 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\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fcbkbttn_buttons_block\" id=\"fcbkbttn_left\"><div class=\"fcbkbttn_button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eranistis\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img src=\"https:\/\/eranistis.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/plugins\/facebook-button-plugin\/images\/large-facebook-ico.png\" alt=\"Fb-Button\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><div 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